{"id":800,"date":"2018-08-08T12:08:38","date_gmt":"2018-08-08T04:08:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jqnets.com\/blog\/?p=800"},"modified":"2018-08-09T12:09:11","modified_gmt":"2018-08-09T04:09:11","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e7%82%ba%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%e3%80%8b5%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%ad%e5%80%8b%e5%88%a4%e6%96%b7%e5%8a%9b%e5%b1%a4%e7%b4%9a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jqnets.com\/blog\/%e3%80%8a%e7%82%ba%e4%bb%80%e9%ba%bc%e3%80%8b5%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%ad%e5%80%8b%e5%88%a4%e6%96%b7%e5%8a%9b%e5%b1%a4%e7%b4%9a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300b5\uff1a\u516d\u500b\u5224\u65b7\u529b\u5c64\u7d1a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t\u6211\u5011\u8981\u4f86\u8b1b\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u5225\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7279\u5225\u7684\u89e3\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u500b\u89e3\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9b45\u529b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u554f\u984c\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\u3002\u4f60\u600e\u9ebc\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u500b\u6771\u897f\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5462\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t1. \u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u5c64\u6b21<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5e38\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8ce3\u5f88\u8cb4\u7684\u4fdd\u9375\u54c1\uff0c\u90a3\u4f60\u600e\u9ebc\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u6709\u6548\u5462\uff1f\u9019\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u628a\u4eba\u6309\u898b\u8b58\u9577\u77ed\u62c9\u958b\u5f88\u591a\u6a94\u6b21\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u25a0 \u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff1a\u8cb4\u5c31\u6709\u6548<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u65e2\u7136\u9019\u500b\u6771\u897f\u301d\u8cb4\u301e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7b11\u8a71\u53eb\u301d\u73cd\u73e0\u7fe1\u7fe0\u767d\u7389\u6e6f\u301e —  \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u767d\u958b\u6c34\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u8cb4\uff0c\u4f46\u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6709\u4eba\u5f80\u767d\u9152\u52a0\u91d1\u7b94\uff0c\u559d\u9152\u5c31\u662f\u559d\u9ec3\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4f60\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u8b8a\u9ec3\u91d1\u7684\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a8d\u77e5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u5237\u6389\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u301d\u8cb4\u301e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u4f60\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u6700\u591a\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u301d\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u6548\u301e\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5f97\u770b\u5be6\u8e10\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u25a0 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff1a\u719f\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6709\u500b\u719f\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u5403\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5b83\u6709\u6548\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u689d\u53c8\u5237\u6389\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e00\u5099\u5b50\u80fd\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u6548\u55ce\u55ce\uff1f\u53ef\u80fd\u719f\u4eba\u90a3\u5e7e\u5929\u5076\u7136\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u672c\u4f86\u4e0d\u5403\u4e5f\u80fd\u6062\u5fa9\uff0c\u5403\u4fdd\u5065\u56de\u6062\u5fa9\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5de7\u5408\u3002\u4f60\u6700\u8d77\u78bc\u77e5\u9053\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u5403\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4ee5\u7d1a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5bb3\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u25a0 \u7b2c\u4e09\u5c64\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff1a\u5c0d\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5047\u8a2d\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u5f8c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\u666e\u904d\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u96c6\u5718\u70ba\u4e86\u8ddf\u4e0a\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u9577\u7684\u667a\u5546\uff0c\u59d4\u8a17\u5167\u8499\u53e4\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u8aaa\u5403\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bd4\u6c92\u5403\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u597d\u3002\u90a3\u9019\u500b\u5831\u544a\u80fd\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u6709\u6548\u55ce\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u8ce3\u5f97\u633a\u8cb4\uff0c\u5403\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u9ede\u9322\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u969c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u98f2\u98df\u7d50\u69cb\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6bd4\u7aae\u4eba\u8981\u597d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u72c0\u6cc1\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u301d\u61c9\u8a72\u301e\u66f4\u597d\u3002\u4f60\u600e\u9ebc\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u5403\u4e86\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u9ad4\u597d\u5462\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u8eab\u9ad4\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8cb7\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u5403\u5462\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5224\u65b7\u529b\u3002\u90a3\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6703\u600e\u9ebc\u505a\u5462\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t2. \u6df7\u96dc\u504f\u8aa4<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e0a\u4e00\u8b1b\u8aaa\u7684\u8c9d\u8449\u65af\u65b9\u6cd5\u9069\u5408\u6bcf\u6b21\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u5011\u8aaa\u8aaa\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7d71\u8a08\u7814\u7a76\u3002X \u5c0d Y \u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5f9e X \u5230 Y \u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u7cfb\uff1a X → Y \u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u4e4b\u8655\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c Z \uff0c\u65e2\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86 X \u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86 Y\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u95dc\u7cfb\u5716\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\uff0c X \u4ee3\u8868\u6bcf\u5929\u935b\u7df4\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c Y \u662f\u8eab\u9ad4\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c Z \u662f\u5e74\u9f61\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u8b49\u660e\u935b\u7df4\u8eab\u9ad4\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u8eab\u9ad4\u9375\u5eb7\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u5f97\u8003\u616e\u5e74\u9f61\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u66f4\u611b\u935b\u7df4\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e5f\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u3002\u90a3\u7576\u4f60\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u611b\u935b\u7df4\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u5065\u5eb7\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f X \u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86 Y\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u56e0\u70ba Z \u540c\u6642\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86 X \u548c Y\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u7ba1 Z \u53eb\u301d\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20 ( confounding factor )\u301e\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u6f5b\u5728\u8b8a\u6578\u3002\u4e0d\u8003\u616e Z \u5c31\u8cbf\u7136\u8aaa\u935b\u7149\u5c0d\u8eab\u9ad4\u6709\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u90a3\u4f60\u5c31\u72af\u4e86\u6df7\u96dc\u504f\u8aa4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53eb\u301d\u6df7\u6dc6\u504f\u79fb\u301e\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u662fconfounding bias\u3002 Z\uff0c\u6df7\u96dc\u4e86 X → Y \u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5c31\u80fd\u53bb\u9664 Z \u7684\u6df7\u96dc\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5982\u679c\u5e74\u9f61\u662f\u500b\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u90a3\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u53ea\u8003\u5bdf\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u5e74\u9f61\u6bb5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5176\u4e2d\u935b\u7149\u548c\u4e0d\u935b\u7149\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5340\u5225\u3002\u5982\u679c\u540c\u70ba50\u6b72\uff0c\u935b\u7149\u7684\u4eba\u6bd4\u4e0d\u935b\u7149\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u9ad4\u597d\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u5728\u5e74\u9f61\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u935b\u7149\u771f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u597d\u8655\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5728\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u4e0a\u9019\u53eb\u301d\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf\u301e\uff0c \u6211\u5011\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5e74\u9f61\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u301dcontrolling for Z\u301e\uff0c\u518d\u770b X \u548c Y \u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u800c\u5e74\u9f61\u4e4b\u5916\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5225\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6642\u9593\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8f15\u9592\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6642\u9593\u935b\u7149\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5de5\u4f5c\u8f15\u9592\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u9ad4\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u9084\u5f97\u63a7\u5236\u301d\u5de5\u4f5c\u6e05\u9592\u301e\u9019\u500b\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u524d\u9762\u8aaa\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u7684\u6642\u5019\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u597d\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u78ba\u66f4\u611b\u935b\u7149\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u63a7\u5236\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u9019\u500b\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6839\u64da\u6211\u7684\u4e3b\u89c0\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5224\u65b7\u529b\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u5c64<\/b><\/span>\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u9019\u822c\u3001\u4f60\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u7d20\u5c31\u63a7\u5236\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u7d20\u9019\u5df1\u7d93\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5404\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7d66\u4f60\u4e00\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a X \u8ddf Y \u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u63a8\u6e2c\u6027\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u4f60\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u7aae\u76e1\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8b8a\u91cf\u662f\u4f60\u6c92\u60f3\u5230\u3001\u6216\u8005\u4f86\u4e0d\u53ca\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff01\u6240\u4ee5\u4f60\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u6562\u8aaa X \u8ddf Y \u6709\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff01\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t3. \u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u25a0 \u7b2c\u4e94\u5c64\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff1a\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u662f\u82f1\u570b\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u5bb6\u7f85\u7d0d\u5fb7\uff0e\u8cbb\u820d\u723e ( Ronald Fisher )\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5927\u7d04\u662f1, 923\u5e74\uff0c\u8cbb\u820d\u723e\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u80a5\u6599\u5c0d\u8fb2\u4f5c\u7269\u751f\u9577\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u6c92\u50cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fdd\u5065\u54c1\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u80a5\u6599\u8ca8\u771f\u50f9\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u597d\u6750\u6599\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u597d\u80a5\u6599\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8cbb\u820d\u723e\u8001\u8001\u5be6\u5be6\u505a\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u5f04\u5169\u584a\u5be6\u9a57\u7530\uff0c\u4e00\u584a\u7528 1 \u865f\u80a5\u6599\u4e00\u584a\u7528 2 \u865f\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u54ea\u584a\u7530\u7684\u838a\u7a3c\u9577\u5f97\u597d\uff0c\u9019\u884c\u4e0d\u884c\u5462\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5169\u584a\u7530\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u571f\u5730\u7684\u704c\u6e89\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u87f2\u5bb3\u5c11\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u571f\u5730\u7684\u9178\u9e7c\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f60\u5f97\u60f3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u8cbb\u820d\u723e\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u9ebc\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u7121\u6cd5\u6392\u9664\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6700\u5f8c\u8cbb\u820d\u723e\u60f3\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\u6211\u4e7e\u8106\u4f86\u500b\u301d\u96a8\u6a5f\u301e\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u4ed6\u627e\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u584a\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u628a\u571f\u5730\u96a8\u6a5f\u5730\u5206\u6210\u5169\u7d44\uff0c\u4e00\u7d44\u7528 1 \u865f\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7d44\u7528 2 \u865f\u80a5\u6599\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u96a8\u6a5f\u5206\u7d44\u7684\u597d\u8655\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4e3b\u89c0\u5206\u985e\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f60\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u5169\u500b\u7d44\u88e1\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u6a23\u672c\u91cf\u8db3\u5920\u5927\uff0c\u96a8\u6a5f\u5206\u6210\u7684\u5169\u7d44\u4e4b\u9593\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5929\u624d\u7684\u8a2d\u60f3\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u6392\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff01\u4e0d\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8cbb\u820d\u723e\u9084\u80fd\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f30\u7b97\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u5f97\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u591a\u5927\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u301dp\u503c\u301e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c08\u6b04\u524d\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u300aP<O.05\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u96b1\u85cf\u52d5\u6a5f\u300b\u5c08\u9580\u8b1b\u904e\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u73fe\u5728\u662f\u81e8\u5e8a\u91ab\u5b78\u7684\u9ec3\u91d1\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u51e1\u662f\u6709\u65b0\u85e5\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b FDA \u90fd\u6703\u8981\u6c42\u505a\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u62c9\u51fa\u4f86\u6e9c\u6e9c\uff0c\u53c8\u600e\u9ebc\u80fd\u79d1\u5b78\u5224\u65b7\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u9a3e\u5b50\u662f\u99ac\u5462\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u662f\u5224\u65b7\u529b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u5c64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u73fe\u5728\u4f60\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u66f4\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u5224\u65b7\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u4e00\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u5148\u9032\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u95dc\u9375\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u7e3d\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5be6\u9a57\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4f60\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u5438\u7159\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e86\u764c\u75c7\uff0c\u4f60\u7e3d\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u4eba\u5206\u6210\u5169\u7d44\uff0c\u903c\u8457\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7d44\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u5438\u83f8\u5427\uff1f\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u5be6\u9a57\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u9084\u5f97\u505a\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5f8c\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\uff0c \u6bd4\u5982\u770b\u770b\u7159\u6c11\u5f97\u80ba\u764c\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e00\u7136\u5f8c\u4f60\u5c31\u9084\u5f97\u5404\u7a2e\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t4. \u5230\u5e95\u61c9\u8a72\u63a7\u5236\u8ab0<\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u25a0 \u7b2c\u516d\u5c64\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff1a\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u516d\u5c64\u5224\u65b7\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u904e\u53bb\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u56e0\u679c\u9769\u547d\u6015\u52fa\u4e00\u500b\u5091\u51fa\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u66f4\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u66f4\u6e96\u78ba\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5230\u5e95\u61c9\u8a72\u63a7\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4ee5\u524d\u3001\u5305\u62ec\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5beb\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5230\u5e95\u61c9\u8a72\u63a7\u5236\u54ea\u4e9b\u8b8a\u91cf\uff0c\u7d22\u6027\u5c31\u628a\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u7d66\u63a7\u5236\u4e00\u904d\uff0c\u9023\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8a72\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e5f\u7d66\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5c0e\u81f4\u7d50\u8ad6\u51fa\u932f\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u56e0\u679c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u5927\u7a81\u7834\u662f\u5728\u6578\u5b78\u4e0a\u767c\u660e\u4e86do<\/font>-\u7b97\u7b26\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u500b\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u7d71\u8a08\u5b78\u5bb6\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u8aaa\u4e0d\u6e05\u5230\u5e95\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20 — \u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7528\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\u80fd\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u7b97\u7b26\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u301d\u5b58\u5728\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\u301d\uff0e\u5c31\u662f — — \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6280\u8853\u7d30\u7bc0\u5c0d\u975e\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u4e0d\u8b1b\u4e86\u3002\u4f60\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u5169\u689d\u5224\u65b7\u898f\u5247\u3002\u7d66\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5716\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u5169\u689d\u898f\u5247\u78ba\u5b9a\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u54ea\u4e9b\u8b8a\u91cf\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u898f\u5247\u662f\u301d\u5f8c\u9580\u301e\u8def\u5f91\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u50b3\u905e\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u9694\u65b7\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f9e X \u5230 Y \u7684\u4e00\u689d\u9023\u901a\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d77\u59cb\u7684\u7bad\u982d\u6307\u5411X\u3002\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u542b\u5e72\u64fe\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u8b8a\u91cf\uff0c\u963b\u65b7\u4fe1\u606f\u50b3\u905e\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u7b2c\u4e8c\u689d\u898f\u5247\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\u4e2d\u6709\u301dA → B ← C\u301e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u78b0\u649e\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u4e0d\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u4e2d\u7684 B \u5df2\u7d93\u59d0\u65b7\u4e86 A \u548c C \u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u53cd\u800c\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u5e72\u64fe\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u6211\u5011\u8209\u5e7e\u500b\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5716\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4f60\u552f\u4e00\u9700\u8981\u5f9e\u4e2d\u9ad4\u6703\u5c31\u6703\u9019\u500b\u505a\u6cd5\u6709\u591a\u7c21\u55ae\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t( 1 ) <\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u5716\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u4efb\u4f55\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t( 2 )<\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\tX ← A → B ← D → E → Y \u662f\u4e00\u689d\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8b8a\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u932f\u7684\uff01\u6ce8\u610f B \u8655\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u78b0\u649e\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7d93\u963b\u4e86\u8a0a\u606f\uff0c\u9019\u5f35\u5716\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t( 3 )<\/b>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\tX ← B → Y  \u662f\u500b\u5f8c\u9580\u8def\u5f91\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf B\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u4f60\u770b\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u904a\u6232\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u7d50\u69cb\u88ab\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6578\u5b78\u904a\u6232\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u679c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5049\u5927\u8ca2\u737b\uff01\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t\u62cd\u723e\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u5716\u5df2\u7d93\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u4f60\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8b8a\u91cf\u53c8\u505a\u5f97\u8db3\u5920\u597d\uff0c \u90a3\u9ebc\u53ea\u8981 X \u548c Y \u4e4b\u9593\u9084\u6709\u5354\u540c\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u8aaa\uff0c\u4f60\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u81e8\u6642\u6027\u7684 X → Y \u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u6bd4\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u4f4e\u4e00\u7b49\uff0c\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u96a8\u6a5f\u5be6\u9a57\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t| \u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u5230<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

\n\t \n<\/p>\n

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